Bhubaneswar

Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, is one of India’s most historically rich and culturally vibrant cities. Known as the “Temple City of India,” its legacy stretches back more than two millennia. Once a prominent center of the ancient Kalinga kingdom, Bhubaneswar has witnessed dramatic historical transformations—from fierce battles to spiritual awakening—while evolving into a modern urban hub that still treasures its heritage.The region gained global historical importance after the Kalinga War in 261 BCE, fought by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire. The brutal conflict resulted in massive loss of life, deeply impacting Ashoka. Moved by the suffering, he embraced Buddhism and adopted a path of peace and non-violence. This transformation not only changed the course of his reign but also shaped the spiritual and cultural identity of the region. The nearby Dhauli Shanti Stupa stands as a powerful symbol of peace and reconciliation. Built near the banks of the Daya River—believed to have run red with blood during the war—the white pagoda today radiates calmness and spiritual serenity.Between the 7th and 13th centuries, Bhubaneswar flourished as a major temple-building center under various dynasties. The city once had over 2,000 temples, and around 700 still survive today. The magnificent Lingaraj Temple, built in the 11th century, is the crown jewel of Kalinga-style architecture. Dedicated to Lord Shiva (Harihara form), its towering 180-foot spire dominates the skyline. The temple complex represents the perfect blend of spiritual devotion and architectural mastery, featuring intricate carvings, sculpted walls, and sacred tanks. Another architectural gem is the Mukteshwar Temple, often called the “Gem of Odisha architecture.” Its beautifully carved torana (arched gateway) and detailed stone sculptures make it a masterpiece of early Kalinga art. The Rajarani Temple, known for its unique red and yellow sandstone structure, stands out for its ornate carvings of celestial beings and musicians.Beyond Hindu temples, Bhubaneswar is also home to important Jain heritage sites. The twin hills of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves feature ancient rock-cut caves dating back to the 2nd century BCE. Built during the reign of King Kharavela, these caves served as residences for Jain monks. The carvings and inscriptions here provide valuable insights into early Jain practices and ancient Odia history. The coexistence of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain monuments highlights Bhubaneswar’s long-standing tradition of religious harmony.